The Interesting Biology of Bees - Expand Your Knowledge

Studies indicate that they are approximately 20,000 species of bees worldwide, thus bringing lots of attention and interest from beekeeper's. Having different types of bees helps in changing the productivity of honey produced because these bees change the species of flowers where they get the pollen from.

Beekeepers track the habit of bees by crossbreeding them with other species and in order to produce quality honey, beekeepers track the production from the different species of bees.

Many bees were imported into the United States from places in Europe, Asia and some African countries. They were brought over to the United States by immigrants over the centuries. Antarctica is the only place where you would not find bees. Bees were derived from Wasps. Which makes them ideal for beekeepers to adapt their way of living and production of honey.

The Interesting Biology of Bees - Expand Your Knowledge

When it comes to the bee species, female bees are in control and usually fight one another for control over the hive and colony. And they are more female bees born then male bees. African bees are often thought of killer bees, but its just not the case because honey bees are not as dangerous as people think they are. The African bees are mostly used in production of honey which is the most popular honey in the world. And these bees are very popular amongst beekeepers. African bees are known to be very aggressive and don't hesitate to attack a human being. But the only time they attack is when they are defending the hive and the Queen. When the Queen is pregnant most beekeepers remove only certain portions of the hive and leave the one with the Queen bee intact.

Since bees don't have a very good eyesight they are generally docile. Bees use the assets of smell to help them find flowers since they don't have very good eyesight. So they can sometimes be misled into thinking the food you eat is pollen. Which is the main reason you see bees swarming around trash and stuff in your dustbin. So you should make sure that you cover up your trash because this can endanger another human being.

The Interesting Biology of Bees - Expand Your Knowledge
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By the way, the beekeeping industry has come a long way from it being a simple hobby to where it's going on tables across the world. Many beekeepers that have not been brought up in a family that practiced this are going to have to really learn fast from an experienced beekeeper that has had years of experience from knowing the biology and study of bees and what to expect when they turn out a good product of honey.

Most people who are in this are actually doing this as a hobby. Having a hobby and a livelihood are two entirely different areas since one is something you invest time and in some cases money and one is when you're trying to make a living at.

HURRY and visit the link below for FREE access to the ultimate guide to beekeeping:

Getting Started In Beekeeping [http://www.information-guide.org/beekeeping/Getting_Started_In_Beekeeping.html]

Beekeeping is dependent on the activity of the bees and how well they produce honey since bees produce in certain climates and temperatures. If you're expecting to thrive in this business understand that it's a lot of work and a lot of time invested into making this work for the long run.

Research Source: [http://www.information-guide.org/beekeeping/Getting_Started_In_Beekeeping.html]

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10 Ways to Conserve Soil - Preventing Soil Erosion

With pollution, threat of global warming and the newfound green kick, people are looking into ways of keeping our planet sound. One good way to do this is soil conservation.

Soil conservation is the prevention of soil eroding from the earth's surface, or otherwise becoming altered by overuse, acidification or contamination.

So how do we begin? Well, here are 10 ways to conserve soil:

10 Ways to Conserve Soil - Preventing Soil Erosion

1. Gardening. Grow plants that are indigenous to your area. It can be interesting to make something grow outside of its usual domain, but the local flora have been there for a very long time and aid in conservation. Another thing to do is to plant trees and shrubs. These can provide shelter for your soil, while the roots will help to prevent excess water from washing it away.

2. Keep your soil moist, but do not drown it. This can be especially difficult during dry months. But over-watering can not only wash away soil, but cause it to degrade. Should your soil dry up, though, it should be easy to fix by lightly covering with damp piles of mulch.

3. Of all the 10 ways to conserve soil, this may be one of the more enjoyable. It may be tricky at times, but keeping enough vegetation strong, healthy and growing will bind the soil together and protect its surface.

4.Find a suitable tillage method for your location, amount of rainfall and variety of plant life. Tillage will optimize the biological and physical condition of soil. Make sure that you use a method that does not make the soil overly fine.

5. Physical structures made of earth, stone or other organic materials can aid in protecting soil against uncontrolled runoff and erosion. With a little bit of design, it can also retain and direct water to where it is needed most. The best structure will depend on climate and the need to either discharge or retain runoff; the size of your garden or farm; and the texture and depth of your soil.

6. Another good piece of construction is a wind barrier. Built at the boundaries of a farm, this will help stop the wind from blowing soil away.

7. Plant patches of high grass. Allowing your grass to grow to at least three inches will promote retention of water in the soil. This is especially useful for runoff of your physical structures.

8. Create an organic mulch for your plants. This will maintain soil temperature and minimize erosion.

9. Plant vegetation that will assist in the protection of your soil, like rye or clover. They will protect by thickly covering the ground and they will restrict weed growth and reduce runoff.

10. The best time of day to water your plants is early in the morning, when evaporation is low. Watering in harsh sunlight can dry out your soil. In the late evening, watering can cause the growth of fungus.

By trying out these 10 ways to conserve soil, not only can you plant a beautiful garden, but you can also help protect the planet.

10 Ways to Conserve Soil - Preventing Soil Erosion
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Wendy Pan is an accomplished niche website developer and author. To learn more about 10 ways to conserve soil [http://mygardeningblog.info/10-ways-to-conserve-soil-preventing-soil-erosion/], please visit My Gardening Blog [http://mygardeningblog.info/] for current articles and discussions.

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How Are Minerals Formed?

HOW ARE MINERALS FORMED?

MINERALS are naturally occurring, inorganic solids, with a characteristic chemical composition, having a regular atomic structure throughout. Man-made industrial diamonds are not considered true minerals but, having said that, there are also some Organic Minerals, such as Amber, which purists are reluctant to call minerals, but they satisfy at least three of the criteria for mineral makeup, and therefore the point is open to debate.

How Many Minerals are there? There are about 4000 listed minerals on this planet but only a relatively few have gained popularity due to their pleasing appearance, often bizarre shapes, exquisite spectrum of colours, and trading value. Minerals are generally composed of more than one element or compound. Those which are made up of only one element are called Native Elements e.g. gold, silver, mercury, copper. The Conquistadores fell in love with New World gold and "liberated" it by the ship-load to fill the coffers of Government and Church in Spain. Silver too, along with Topaz, Tourmaline, Agate, Ruby, Diamond and many other precious rocks and minerals, have been highly prized for as long as Man was first enchanted by their beauty, commercial value and status it imparted to the wearer.

How Are Minerals Formed?

So, just how are minerals formed? Minerals can be formed in a wide variety of geological environments; deep inside volcanos, at the bottoms of deep oceans, deserts, salt lakes and cooling deep deposits of molten rock. Also, under the influence of heat and or pressure, when solutions and gasses holding concentrations of specific elements cool or evaporate, minerals growths are deposited inside rock fissures or voids. These minerals are sometimes forced through as a suspension in water, the water then evaporating leaving the mineral deposits as crystals (e.g. Amethyst) when the rock void is not fully filled or as Agates, when the rock is completely filled. These minerals are only visible when the rock is split open; it takes some skill to decide which rock to crack open! More about that later. An example of such crystal and mineral specimens for collectors are Geodes which are round rocks containing precipitated mineral salts, these being commonly Agates (caused by mineral salt crystals forming inside Basalt rocks), Amethysts, Quartz, Jasper.

Minerals don't necessarily need heat or pressure to be formed; water saturated with mineral salts can leave deposits (Stalactites) as it drips down from the roof of a cave, forming corresponding Stalagmites directly below, over the centuries, where the drips hit. Eventually both grow to meet each other and thicken over the years. Sometimes, as a novelty, tourists can hang an item on a line at a cave, over which calcium carbonate saturated water runs; over a period of a few months it becomes encased in a hardening deposit of Calcium Carbonate.

THE THREE TYPES OF ROCK.
Ok, the basic scene has been set, now let's examine in more detail the different mechanisms involved in mineral formation. All minerals are formed from ROCKS, which are an aggregate or mixture of various minerals and are the basic materials from which a mineral is formed.
Rocks can be either:

Igneous - formed due to volcanic activity from the Earth's core.

Metamorphic - formed because of pressure or heat (e.g. tectonic plates colliding) on existing rocks, changing them into another type of rock.

Sedimentary - resulting from the layered compaction of weathered rock materials and/or shells.

Let us examine these rocks a little further:-

IGNEOUS ROCKS(from the Latin ignis - fire) can be further categorised as being or Extrusive.

Mineral crystals formed from Intrusive igneous rocks have a coarse structure because the cooling effect was slow and the crystals could grow for a long time, sometimes to a large size, especially when molten rock (magma) is trapped under ground and cools very slowly. Granite is an example of a commonly found intrusive rock. Other examples are:-

Diorite

Gabbro

Pegmatite (Pegmatites are known to contain aquamarine, tourmaline, beryl, topaz, cassiterite, fluorite, apatite, tin and tungsten plus a host of other minerals.

These rocks are generally only exposed after mountain-forming upheavals, when rocks deep down are thrust to the surface due to Tectonic Plate Convergence. The Himalayas, for example, are currently still being pushed up by convergence forces.

Extrusive rocks are magma ejected from volcanos and cooling rapidly on the Earth's surface. This means that their crystal structure is generally very small to microscopically small, as the crystals did not have sufficient time to develop. Obsidian (a glass-like black rock still used today by some surgeons because it keeps its sharp edge, down to one molecule!) & Basalt (the Giant's Causway at the northern tip of Irleand) are two commonly found extrusive rocks, as are:-

Andesite

Pumice

Rhyolite

Scoria

METAMORPHIC ROCK MINERALS (from the Greek meta after, morphe form) are formed when sufficient heat and pressure change the original rock into a completely new rock. The original rock can be sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic. The most important Metamorphic mechanism is heat, changing the rock's chemical structure at temperatures above 200 Celsius, breaking down the crystalline structures in the rock and converting them into new minerals. If the temperature becomes too high, the metamorphic action stops and the rocks become igneous. Marble is a common example of metamorphised limestone.

(hot water with dissolved ions) can also be responsible for changing parent rocks and is responsible for producing Sulphide minerals (e.g. Pyrite & Galena) and also Copper on the sea floor when the hot mineral-enriched water contacts the sea water.

Metamorphic Minerals - most of the minerals in following list are found exclusively in Metamorphic rock:-

Garnet

Kyanite

Chlorite

Talc

Graphite

Tourmaline

Asbestos

Mica.

Slate

Serpentine

SEDIMENTARY ROCK MINERALS. (from the Latin sedimentum - a settling). Sedimentary rocks are the basic building blocks from which nearly all metamorphic rocks are formed; it is the sedimentary rocks which are drawn down or pushed up by tectonic activity. While igneous & metamorphic rocks produce some of the finest mineral/gemstone specimens, the minerals in sedimentary rocks are not quite so impressive in form or range, though some sedimentary rock can also include igneous & metamorhic minerals as these rocks crumble due to weathering & being dissolved in water. Sedimentary rocks are also a mirror of the past, the different layers telling a story of what the Earth's climate was like over the millions of years the rocks were forming, especially because of the fossil content as, unlike the other two types of rock, the heat & pressures produced in sedimentary rock formation is not enough to destroy fossil evidence.

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.

CLASTIC Sedimentary Rock is layered or Lithified (from the Greek Lithos - rock) by deposits of erroded debris of other rocks (due to weathering, frost, glacial action, or water). Most of the igneous rock minerals (with the exception of Quartz, which is very hard) are attacked over time by water, acids & alkalis and changed into clay minerals and chemicals in solution. Other minerals in Clastic sedimentary rock, like Zircon, Rutile & Magnetite are inert and highly resistant to mechaincal & chemical breakdown.
Clastic rock also contains the minerals feldspar, quartz, amphiboles & clays.
Minerals found in clastic sedimentary rocks are in the classes of Halides, Sulphates, Borates.

BIOGENIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are made up of materials from living organisms, i.e. corals, molluscs & amoeboid organisms, which deposit layers of calcite over the ocean floors, which later form limestone. Other examples of minerals found in biogenic rocks are stromatolites and flint.

PRECIPITATE SEDIMENATRY ROCKS are formed when mineral solutions e.g. sea water, evaporate and deposit minerals such as Halite & Gypsum.

And finally, a list of mineral classes (for those who love lists!)

Classes of Minerals.
All minerals found in igneous, metamorphic & sedimentary rocks can be classified as follows:-

1. Elemental (Diamond, Gold, Silver)

2. Sulphides,Selenides,Telurides,Arsenides,Antimonides, Bismutides (Galena, Pyrite, Chalcoprite)

3. Halides (Fluorite, Carnalite)

4. Oxides & Hydroxides (Corundum, Quartz, Hematite, Magnetite)

5. Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates, Tungstenates, (Barite, Selenite)

6. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates (Variscite, Mimetite, Vanadinite,)

7. Silicates (Opal, Zircon, Talc, Tourmalines, Topaz)

8. Nitrates, Carbonates, Borates (Calcite, Malachite, Azurite)

9. Organic Minerals (Amber, Whewellite, Oxammite)

I hope the information has been of help to you in your quest for answers as to how are minerals formed. The subject of Mineralogy can be developed to great scientific depths, but I have tried to present the information in a format anyone can understand. I hope this small offering has whetted your appetite for further research! Later, I will be adding some information on where and how to find some of the most popular minerals & gemstones. Happy hunting!

How Are Minerals Formed?
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2nd Grade Science Fair Projects

Science projects for second graders help them learn a scientific principle through an experiment or a series of experiments. The project helps them to apply the skills that they have been taught. Through the second grade science fair project, children learn to ask questions, collect relevant data, write conclusions and present their findings in an attractive and effective manner.

While choosing the topic for the second grade science fair project, the raw materials required should be kept in mind. Very good second grade science fair projects can be done using household materials and material, which are commonly and easily available. Expensive laboratory equipment is not necessary for a second grade science fair project.

The entire second grade science fair project has to be thoroughly planned. The reports that are written should be clear and to the point.

2nd Grade Science Fair Projects

Presentation is the key factor in second grade science fair projects and the following should be kept in mind:

1.The child should understand the topic very clearly and should have absolutely no doubts.

2.The child should be able to explain the project without reading it out.

3.The child should be confident and enthusiastic.

4.The child should be able to speak knowledgeably.

5.The child should present the project in a well organized and clear manner.

6.The project should be original and unique reflecting the creativity of the child.

Topics for second grade science projects are innumerable. However, interesting and original projects can be based on these questions: -

- How far can an animal be heard?

- How are diseases transmitted?

- How long are the blood vessels in different animals?

- Do plants lose water through their leaves?

- Which side of a plant leaf takes in Carbon dioxide?

- How do different colored lights affect plants?

- How fast can a rat/guinea pig run through a maze?

- Why is the sky blue?

- How are rainbows formed?

- Why does ice cream melt?

The advantages of doing an experiment so early on are innumerable. Such projects arouse the curiosity of the student. They are also intellectually stimulating as the child searches for answers instead of being spoon fed information. The students conducts the experiment and gets the result and then explores the reason behind the result and the scientific principle or principles involved.

Some experiments are done in groups. In such cases, children learn to co-operate with one other and work together as a team. They learn the importance of team spirit and they learn to adjust and compromise. In case the project has to be done individually, the child learns to be independent and self confident, however, these projects must be very small in scale, because the students are still to young and disorganized to do anything too complex.

These experiments also strengthen the bond between children and parents. The parents and children sit together and discuss various topics and the options available to them. The child feels happy that the parent is involved in his or her school work.

The second grade fair science projects also enable a student to learn a topic thoroughly and as he or she has learn it on his/her own, the child will not easily forget the scientific principle involved. Also, these experiments encourage children to enjoy science and develop a love for the subject.

2nd Grade Science Fair Projects
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Jordan Matthews is a High School Math and Science teacher who has worked as a judge and a coordinator of many science fairs. Check his Science Fair Project ideas website for some more ideas and information.

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3rd Grade Science Project Ideas

Time for another elementary school science project! Now that your kid has risen to the 3rd grade, he or she cannot hand in the simpler projects that they did in grades before. No simple magnet experiments anymore. And yet, the typical science project, the volcano, is too complicated for a 3rd grader. What to do?

Here are some of many 3rd Grade Science Project Ideas:

1. Separate the colors found in color markers

3rd Grade Science Project Ideas

Materials

- paper towels - scissors - assorted water markers - glass container - pencil/pen - water

Procedure

1. Cut the paper towel into rectangular strips about one inch wide and as tall as the glass container.

2. Take one of the markers and draw a horizontal line on the paper towel strip about one inch from the bottom.

3. Take a pencil or a pen. Poke a hole in the middle of the paper towel strip. Insert the pencil or pen through this hole so the strip hangs in the middle.

4. Rest the pencil or pen on the top edges of the glass container. The paper towel strip should be hanging into the glass container.

5. Take the pencil/pen off. Pour enough water into the glass container so when the strip is put back in, the water submerges the very bottom of the strip.

6. Put the strip back. Watch the water travel up the paper towel strip. Wait.

7. Repeat these steps for all the markers. See what colors each marker color is made out of!

Some other 3rd Grade Science Project Ideas:

2. Water and Penny Experiments

Materials

-many pennies -water -eye dropper - clear drinking glass

Procedure

One Experiment

1. Take the glass of water and fill it all the way to the top.

2. Carefully add pennies into the water one at a time. Does the water spill over immediately? How many pennies can you add before the water spills over?

Second Experiment

1. Put a penny on the table.

2. Take an eyedropper and begin dripping water on the surface of the penny. How many drops of water can fit on a penny? More than you think!

3rd Grade Science Project Ideas
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Need easier ideas and experiments? Visit Alan's site for more SIMPLE 3rd grade science project ideas and info on how to get COMPLETE science projects.

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What Do Snakes Eat

There is no limit to the food items that you can even think of a snake might eat. Different species have different preys that they prefer to have. There are common preys that most of them like to have. According to season they might change their prey. Whatever is available in abundance would become the prey for the snakes. Depending on their growth their diet also varies. A simple search on the Internet for the phrase what do snakes eat would reveal a lot of interesting things to you. Some of the snakes prefer to have a particular prey alone. Even if there is irregular supply of prey in a particular place they could survive that condition since they are cold blooded.

Some of the snakes like the tentacles snake eat aquatic plants apart from eating fish. Do not think that a snake might catch any prey that passes it. They would evaluate the prey they are planning to catch. If the prey is too small for it to be the meal then it might not even consider hunting. Some of the prey might be bigger for them to swallow. So they might even pass it without attacking it. Rodents serve as the important prey for most of the snakes. Note that it is a mammal. Snakes use their venom and constriction to kill the mammals and this method is well suited to kill the mammals before they eat. That could be one of the reasons for them to eat mammals mostly.

The other food that they prefer to have is other snakes. It is easy to swallow other snakes since they easily fit their long body. For example the King Snake will eat snakes like rattlesnake by constricting them before eating. They also have other prey other than snakes. It is a wonder that some of the snakes that eat other snakes are harmless. One of the other snakes that also prey on snakes is the King Cobra.

What Do Snakes Eat

There are snakes that are considered snail specialists. They eat snails tactically without eating the shell. Snakes like the Brown snake, the thirst snake, and the Southeast Asian Snail eating snakes use different methods to extract the snail from the shell so that they can eat more snails without eating the shells.

On searching the web for some more content on what do snakes eat you might wonder when you come across other weird things that snakes eat. Centipedes, Ants, termites, Crabs, Toads, crayfish, spiders, carrion, grasshoppers, and skinks are some of the weird items that the snakes eat. Some of the snakes are good in eating the eggs of fish, reptiles, and frogs. Snakes also drink water from the pools, ponds, and the dewdrops using their split tongue.

What Do Snakes Eat
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When Does My Penis Stop Growing? Proven Tips to Grow Your Penis at Any Age

One of the the most outrageous myths that I see men fall for is the misconception that our penis stops growing at a certain age, and beyond that....there is NOTHING you can do to improve it. To me, and the tens of thousands of other men who have improved their size WELL beyond their teen years, the idea that there is a chronological age associated with your anatomical potential is flat out WRONG!

Now that doesn't mean, of course, that there are not "prime" years that your body develops faster. Everyone who understands basic biology and physical developmental stages recognizes that for men, the ages of 12 through 18 are certainly the largest, in terms of physical changes! But what about when you pass puberty, graduate college and are in the "real" world? Is penis growth out of the question? Absolutely NOT. Read on as we discuss some ways to get sensational results at ANY age.

So what is the best way to grow your penis in adulthood?

When Does My Penis Stop Growing? Proven Tips to Grow Your Penis at Any Age

It's quite simple actually! Natural Exercises. And lots of them! The key is, in my opinion, just like any OTHER anatomical area you are trying to improve. You need diversity and variety, and a basic understanding of HOW your anatomy grows.

Let me give you an example

Jelqing is a great technique for drawing blood into the corposa carvernosa as well as the glans. But in MY experience, you need MORE than just the jelq to get sensational size. You need to add in circumference regimens (for girth) as well as traction exercises for tissue "toughness". I ALWAYS recommend PC contractions to my readers, as I believe it's the FASTEST way to augment the other exercises in record setting turn around time.

As I always say - you need to incorporate tension and torque - with a VARIETY of technique to truly get the gains you are hoping for. And these are available at ANY age, and really, in my view, shouldn't be started until you are done your normal growth cycle anyway!

When Does My Penis Stop Growing? Proven Tips to Grow Your Penis at Any Age
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As with everything else in the Men's health domain, knowledge is POWER and information is EVERYTHING!

And remember, with our modern day understanding of anatomy, and the variety of holistic, alternative, natural approaches to OPTIMIZING our bodies in all sorts of ways...it is now common practice for men everywhere, who know how - to systematically improve, build and increase our penis size and do it quickly.

The need for creams, hanging weights and other esoteric methods are not only strange and potentially dangerous - they are also finally completely obsolete and unnecessary.

So while they may be laughing at you behind your back...trust me, they won't be for long! Take a little bit of time and learn how your anatomy works, and how simple exercises and optimizations you can make, everyday can yield a RADICAL shift in your penis size without the worry. I did...and it was the best decision I ever made!

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Nasal Irrigation Using a Neti Pot: For the Common Cold and Congestion

Nasal Irrigation is becoming recognized once again as an effective way to eliminate sinus congestion, battle the common cold and relieve allergies.

Why has it come back so strong?

People are tired of drugs and want a natural alternative treatment for allergies, the common cold and sinus congestion. Nasal irrigation using the ayurvedic neti pot is the way to go - cheap, fast and extremely effective.

Nasal Irrigation Using a Neti Pot: For the Common Cold and Congestion

Popping an anti-histamine or snorting one does not remove the problem. All it does is temporarily slow down mucous production. Then, once again, one finds themselves with drugs up their nose or down their throat.

How does nasal irrigation remove the problem? It doesn't entirely. That is a whole other topic which requires balancing the immune system, reducing stress, maintaining proper hydration and proper nutrition. To tickle your fancy though, freeze-dried nettle works really well as does quercetin.

But until one achieves this treatment, allergies persist and so does sinus congestion - especially now due to colds and flu bugs flying about. There must be relief immediately - and that is what the neti pot provides.

Basically, what the neti pot does is gently wash away excess mucous, bacteria, pollen, allergens and viruses from the sinuses. There is one main sinus that the neti pot can reach - the maxillary sinus which is on either side of your nose - basically inside the 'cheek bone'. When they fill with pus or mucous, it hurts. Not only does it hurt, but it provides a further haven for more bacteria and viruses as the immune system cannot enter. The door is closed.

Nasal irrigation opens that door by washing out the pus and mucous. Then, the immune system's IgA antibodies, which live on the mucous membranes of your nose, once again get back to work.

Can anti-histamines, aspirin, or tylenol do that? A resounding no.

Don't treat the symptom. Treat the cause of the symptom. It is sooo easy to do and it is so rarely done.

One must think, "Why do I have sinus congestion and pain on either side of my nose?" Mucous buildup. Ok. Why? I'm sick due to the common cold. Good. Why? I've been working my butt off at work. Understandable. What are you going to do about it? Take vitamin C. (studies show that it really does work when sick) That's a start.

What are you going to do about the pain and sinus congestion in your nose?

Going to do nasal irrigation with my neti pot. Good! Now we're talking!

Do you want to know how to use the neti pot correctly? Silly question, I know. Of course you do!

Basically, I recommend using filtered water as chlorine is drying and an irritant to the mucous membranes as it damages proteins. You may be thinking that this is good as you want to dry the mucous membranes out and chlorine can help kill the bacteria. No - not really. It takes quite some time for chlorine to kill bacteria for one. The other is you do want your sinuses to have their natural mucous secretions as it is they which carry the IgA antibodies. The IgA antibodies are what signal the immune system to kill the bacteria and viruses in your nose.

A little medical sidenote: 1 in 700 people are IgA deficient. This is not handy for obvious reasons. A neti pot is extremely important for these people. If you get sinus infections, colds and other sinus bugs frequently, you may want to get a test done seeing if you are one of the lucky winners of an IgA deficiency. It's a simple swab-up-the-nose test.

To use the neti pot correctly:

Fill the neti pot preferably with warm filtered or purchased water. Not cold or hot water. Must be warm. Add 1/4 teaspoon of pure salt. Do not use mineral salts or sea salts. Some people are allergic to shellfish and this will not help the situation. One can buy pure neti salt and it's not expensive. Normal table salt is fine also but it is processed like crazy - they use about 15+ chemicals to end up with pure white table salt. You didn't want to know that did you? You can add a pinch of baking soda also. This softens the water a bit so it's easier on your mucous membranes. I use a tincture called Neti Wash Plus and that comes with zinc or zinc free. Basically this is a mixture of anti-bacterials, anti-fungals, and immune support nutrients and herbs which are proven effective in research. It is pre-made and just simply add a dropperful or two in the neti pot. Only use this during mucous buildup and sinus congestion. Don't use everyday as it is designed to break up sticky mucous. If one doesn't have sticky mucous, then it will hurt your healthy thin mucous - which you now know, you need. I recommend doing this procedure in the shower. This way you cannot make a mess. You can also do it over a sink or sitting down with a big bowl on the table in front of you. Insert the neti pot spout into one side of your nose. Lean your head slightly to one side and forward a bit. This allows the medicated water to flow from one side of your nose to the other. This action pushes out the mucous and also drops off the medicated water in your sinuses. Stay in this head bent and tilted position while the water runs out - say for about 15 seconds. When 15 seconds is up, remove the spout and gently blow your nose. Do not block one nostril while blowing your nose as this forces the mucous up closer to your brain. Also do not blow forcibly as this will push the mucous into your ear canal. Just blow lightly - like a soft outward snort. Repeat on the other side. Do this about 2-3 times each side. Refill the neti pot as needed. I typically can do it sufficiently with one full neti pot. This takes about 3 minutes. Sounds like a lot of work but it's fast - especially as you do it more and more. Rinse out the neti pot or place it in the dishwasher to sterilize. I recommend buying one for each person of the family. This way you don't have to wash it so hard every time.

You may feel one of two things: all cleared up and easier to breathe - or - stuffed up more than before. If stuffed up, don't fret or blow your nose hard. Just wait. The Neti wash plus tincture mix is working on breaking up the mucous and within a few minutes, you'll be searching for tissues as the mucous begins to literally flow out of your nose. It's pretty awesome how fast it works. Remember - do not blow hard and do not occlude one nostril. If you do blow hard or occlude one nostril, you have made your sinus congestion return - or worse, moved it into your ear.

Don't blow hard. You don't need to. The neti wash plus and nasal irrigation does all the work for you. You just provide the tissues and the trashcan.

Try to stay rested, relaxed and healthy. Not easy to do - but when you get a cold or sinus congestion - you now know what to do!

If you have any questions about nasal irrigation, you may email me. I'd be glad to help you out.

Some basic cautions with nasal irrigation. If you have routine bloody noses, don't do it. If you get a bloody nose, adjust the salt/baking soda/tincture ratio. If you still get bloody noses, stop as your mucous membranes may be too dried out. I don't recommend using the neti wash plus with zinc if your nose is sensitive. They make a neti wash plus zinc free which is also effective. Zinc is added as it stimulates the immune system. Also, don't use the neti wash plus unless you have sinus congestion or mucous buildup in your sinuses. A simple nasal irrigation with salt and baking soda is all you need if you have slight buildup - say from last night's sleep.

Which neti pot to choose? I prefer the stainless steel neti pot as I broke my ceramic neti pot in the shower when it dropped. The plastic neti pot is also handy as you can toss it into your baggage when you travel.

NPR did a special news report on the use of neti pots and nasal irrigation. Neti pots are making a strong comeback as a main treatment for sinus congestion and allergies.

The NPR quick summary: Morning Edition, October 12, 2005. An age-old technique that may have developed from yoga traditions is turning out to be a simple and effective way to combat the cold. Flushing the nasal passageway with warm salt-water can help prevent colds and bring relief to allergy-sufferers. by Patricia Neighmond

You may listen to the program in full on this page.

Good ol' NPR - they never cease to amaze me.

Enjoy the broadcast!

In health, Ben

Nasal Irrigation Using a Neti Pot: For the Common Cold and Congestion
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Benjamin Lynch has a BS degree in Cell and Molecular Biology from the University of Washington. Currently, he is obtaining his doctorate in Naturopathic Medicine at Bastyr University. Visit Ben's natural health product store, HealthE Goods where one can use our free health information service where one may ask specific health questions. We provide physician-grade non-prescription natural health products. Wholesale spa products are available to all that qualify. Do visit our Healthy Lifestyle and Wellness Blog. We are here to help serve the public with proper health information and effective products. Products described in the article are available at HealthE Goods.

Copyright 2005 by Benjamin Lynch of HealthE Goods. This work may not be modified or used without the author's permission.

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Biology Experiments for Teachers. Measuring The Transpiration Rate of an Uprooted Plant

Outline. The mass lost by an uprooted plant in a flask of water is compared with the mass lost from an identical flask with no plant.

Prior knowledge. Evaporation takes place from an exposed water surface

Advance preparation and materials

Biology Experiments for Teachers. Measuring The Transpiration Rate of an Uprooted Plant

Flask or bottle. Any pair of small, narrow-necked vessels will do, e.g. 100 cm3 conical flasks,
small fruit-juice bottle, small 'medicine' bottles. Allow one matched pair per group.

Plants. Any small plants which can easily be dug up. Wash the soil off the roots and store the plants in a container of water from which the student can collect them. One plant per group.

Balance. One or two per class.

Experiment

(a) Label each bottle or flask with your initials.

(b) Fill each vessel with water to within 1 cm of the rim.

(c) Place the uprooted plant in one of the vessels.

(d) Weigh the vessel with the plant and record its mass. Weigh the other vessel
(with no plant) and record its mass.

(e) Leave both vessels in a (potentially) sunny position in the laboratory.

(f) After one day, weigh both vessels again and record their masses.

(g) If there has been little change of mass in the vessel with the plant, the experiment can be
continued for several more days.

(h) At the end of the experiment, work out the mass lost by each vessel. Subtract the mass lost by the vessel with water only, from the mass lost by the vessel with the plant. This will give the loss in mass resulting from the plant's transpiration.

(i) Calculate the rate of transpiration in grams per day.

Discussion

1 The vessel with the plant will be losing water (a) from the shoot and (b) directly from the exposed water surface. The vessel lacking a plant enables us to calculate the amount of mass loss resulting from (b).

2 The mass loss in the vessel with the plant is made up of these two components. By deducting the mass loss resulting from direct evaporation, we are left with the mass loss caused by transpiration from the plant.

3 (a) The plant will interfere with the direct evaporation from the vessel, depending on the shape and size of the stem and the position of the lower leaves.

(b) In the vessel with the plant, the water level may drop below the neck, exposing a greater surface area of water for evaporation.

Biology Experiments for Teachers. Measuring The Transpiration Rate of an Uprooted Plant
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D G Mackean is the author of GCSE Biology, IGCSE Biology, and many other Biology text books. He has a site of Biology Teaching Resources at http://www.biology-resources.com which includes a bank of experiments for teachers, sample PowerPoint presentations, and many biological drawings

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Biology Experiments for Teachers. Human Senses: Sensitivity to Temperature

Outline. One finger of each hand is acclimatized to hot or cold water and then dipped into lukewarm water.

Prior knowledge. The general idea of receptors sending impulses to the brain

Advance preparation and materials
A supply of hot and cold water

Biology Experiments for Teachers. Human Senses: Sensitivity to Temperature

Apparatus - per group
3 jars or beakers large enough to accommodate a finger
Thermometer

Experiment

(a) Collect three jars or beakers of about the same size. Fill one with cold water (10-15 °C), one with hot water (40-50 °C) and the third with warm water (about 25 °C).

(b) Place the first finger of the left hand in the cold water and the first finger of the right hand in the hot water. Leave both fingers immersed for at least one minute.

(c) After one minute, remove both fingers from the jars and dip them repeatedly but alternately in the warm water for about a second at a time Notice the temperature sensation in each finger.

Discussion

1 What impression did (i) the left finger, (ii) the right finger give about the temperature of the
warm water?

2 Why should there be any difference in the sensory information from the two fingers? How could you modify the experiment to test your suggestion?

3 Does the result mean that the skin of your fingers is incapable of judging whether an object is hot or cold?

4 What does the result suggest about the way in which the skin responds to temperature

Discussion - answers

1 The finger which has been immersed in cold water will register warmth. The finger previously held in hot water will register coldness.

2 The difference in sensations can be attributed to the difference in the temperature of the fingers after one minute's immersion. This can be tested by repeating the experiment with the left-hand finger in the hot water and the right-hand finger in the cold water. The sensation on dipping them both into warm water should be the reverse of the first experiment.

An alternative explanation is that the warmth receptors in the hot water become adapted, i.e. after prolonged immersion they no longer send impulses to the brain. Consequently, on transfer to lukewarm water, there are few impulses sent to the brain from the warmth receptors of this finger, whereas the warmth receptors in the cold finger fire normally.

3 The results suggest that the fingers detect whether they are gaining or losing heat rather than the actual temperature of an object. Metal objects at room temperature will feel cold to the touch because heat is conducted away from the fingers, while wooden objects at the same temperature feel less cold.

4 The results seem to imply that the thermoreceptors respond to change in temperature rather than to any particular temperature. In fact, there is a steady discharge of nerve impulses from cold and warmth receptors at all temperatures within certain limits but increased bursts of impulses occur during sudden changes of temperature.

Biology Experiments for Teachers. Human Senses: Sensitivity to Temperature
Check For The New Release in Health, Fitness & Dieting Category of Books NOW!
Check What Are The Top Cooking Books in Last 90 Days Best Cheap Deal!
Check For Cookbooks Best Sellers 2012 Discount OFFER!
Check for Top 100 Most Popular Books People Are Buying Daily Price Update!
Check For 100 New Release & BestSeller Books For Your Collection

D G Mackean is the author of GCSE Biology, IGCSE Biology, and many other Biology text books. He has a site of Biology Teaching Resources at http://www.biology-resources.com which includes a bank of experiments for teachers, sample PowerPoint presentations, and many biological drawings

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