Life's A Gas - A New Approach to Diverticulitis, Flatulence and Gas Pains

Can we be personal for a moment?

Good. Thank you.

We want to discuss a particularly grievous condition that plagues millions of people in our culture from midlife onwards. It is a condition known to be culture-specific, suffered by affluent Westerns more than by any other group of people. And its cause is said to be unknown to modern medicine. It's called diverticulitis.

Life's A Gas - A New Approach to Diverticulitis, Flatulence and Gas Pains

Diverticulitis is a pain in the butt for millions of people, literally, since it involves the colon and rectum. What happens is that the wall of the colon, or large intestine, becomes weakened over time from increased pressure of unknown cause. The pressure within the colon causes weakened areas to pocket outwards, creating sacs for digested matter to collect and fester. These sacs are called diverticula. When you have these sacs you are said to have diverticulosis. When diverticula become infected and inflamed, the condition is called diverticulitis, which can be as painful as appendicitis and can lead to rupture of the colon wall, a very dangerous situation. The key issue involved in this condition is the creation of increased pressure within the large intestine. It is the force of this pressure that causes the sacs to form.

Knowing what causes the increased pressure, then, is essential to the prevention and treatment of this condition. At one time it was thought by medicine that the diet might be too high in fiber, causing a blockage of digestion and the increased colon pressure. But lowering the fiber of the diet did not significantly alter the condition. Then it was thought that too little fiber prevented proper elimination, and high fiber diets were recommended. Unfortunately, this did not help the condition, either. Diverticulitis is also equally common among vegetarians as it is among meat eaters. While special interest groups promoting certain diets present research supporting their dietary view as preventive of diverticulitis, there is contrasting research to balance it. So, the overall research on diverticulitis has been inconclusive regarding the cause of increased colon pressure that creates this dreadful condition. And in the absence of knowing the cause, medicine can merely offer pain relief with drugs, antibiotics for the infections, and surgery for particularly nasty, abscessed pockets. As for prevention, the current suggestion is to eat more fiber, making th bowels need to eliminate more frequently.

Of course, one thing was overlooked in the medical research on diverticulitis. The most common reason for increased colon pressure is not really a medical issue, but a cultural one. That is why medicine has missed it. Furthermore, this cultural practice causes the medical profession to suffer from diverticulitis to an even greater extent than their patients.

It all has to do with answering Nature when it calls.

We live in a society that trains us from birth to hold in our waste products. From the pressures of diaper training, to the pressures of using public toilets at school, to the pressures of working without the choice of taking needed potty breaks, or where a toilet is simply not available, our culture has pressured us into holding it in. Of course, this creates pressure in the colon. After all, one of the simplest ways to increase colon pressure is to close the anal sphincter while the intestine is contracting.

Everyone has experienced this one time or another. Perhaps the urge came when you were involved in a social situation that you could not conveniently stop simply because you had to answer Nature's call. Or it could have been while driving, and a rest stop or service station was nowhere to be found. Even if there was a convenient restroom, some people are uncomfortable defecating in a public restroom and prefer holding it in until home. Whatever the reason, the fact is that our culture makes personal waste management an issue that is not always easily resolved, promoting procrastination rather than elimination. The result is increased colon pressure and diverticula formation.

In addition to holding in waste, there is the even greater problem of holding in gas. The technical term for this is flatus retention. It's what most people are trained to do in public, from school days onward. This is why diverticulitis is more prevalent among professional, affluent Westerns, than among the poor of third world countries. The higher your status, the less acceptable your flatus. It seems that poverty buys a right to pass wind when needed, while affluence creates the need for greater discretion. Yet, the sad fact is that the pressure of the fart must go somewhere. Either pass wind or have your intestine blow up. The choice is yours.

Now you can see why medicine says the cause of diverticulitis is unknown. A cultural taboo enshrouds this topic, preventing its unbiased and honest consideration. Interestingly, there was one article connecting diverticulitis with holding in gas. It was in the British medical journal, Lancet, in 1975. The article is entitled, "Flatus retention is the major factor in diverticular disease". But the information was ignored. Medicine seems more comfortable prescribing drugs and surgery for diverticulitis than simply telling people to poop and fart more often.

For those who suffer from diverticulosis or diverticulitis, you can perform your own self study. Over the next three months, note how often you feel the urge to eliminate, but find yourself choosing, for one reason or another, to hold it in. Pay particular attention to your need to pass wind, and how often you don't. Make every effort to allow your body to do what it wants to do. If you have a partner, you may want him or her to try this self study at the same time.

Life's A Gas - A New Approach to Diverticulitis, Flatulence and Gas Pains
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Sydney Ross Singer is a medical anthropologist and director of the Institute for the Study of Culturogenic Disease, located in Hawaii. His unique form of applied medical anthropology searches for the cultural/lifestyle causes of disease. His working assumption is that our bodies were made to be healthy, but our culture and the attitudes and behaviors it instills in us can get in the way of health. By eliminating these causes, the body is allowed to heal. Since most diseases of our time are caused by our culture/lifestyle, this approach has resulted in many original discoveries into the cause, and cure, of many common diseases. It also makes prevention possible by eliminating adverse lifestyle practices. Sydney works with his co-researcher and wife, Soma Grismaijer, and is the author of several groundbreaking health books.

Sydney's background includes a B.S. in biology from the University of Utah; an M.A. degree from Duke University in biochemistry and anthropology; 2 years of medical school training at UTMB at Galveston, along with Ph.D. training in medical humanities.

If you want the full scoop on poop, see our book, Get It Out! Eliminating the Cause of Diverticulitis, Kidney Stones, Bladder Infections, Cervical Dysplasia, PMS, Menopausal Discomfort, Prostate Enlargement...and More! And visit our website http://www.SelfStudyCenter.org

Sydney Ross Singer and Soma Grismaijer can be reached at the Institute for the Study of Culturogenic Disease, P.O. Box 1880, Pahoa, Hawaii 96778 (808) 935-5563. sydsinger@gmail.com

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Gamsat Preparation Suggested Books - Biology

We have already suggested a few books that would help you prepare for the chemistry part of Section III. We have also told you why it is important to have textbooks and use them liberally. Now, in our next episode we will tell you the importance of having a Biology guide with you for your GAMSAT preps.

There has been speculations about how important Biology is in GAMSAT. I mean GAMSAT questions are reasoning based, isn't it? All the information is given right there, so why do we at all study biology?
First: Good question.

Second: Let's answer this with an example. Say you've been asked a set of questions about the heart rate and pulse rate. All data is given right there. You need to understand and analyse the data and choose the right option. Sounds easy enough.

Gamsat Preparation Suggested Books - Biology

But you get only about 90 seconds to answer one question (110 questions in 170 minutes... you do the math!). Would you get enough time to remember what are the things you should have in mind to understand what the question actually requires? Probably not!

That is why we say, Non-science aspirants have a better chance to get an interview call since they don't take this for granted. They study from scratch. So, a word of advice for science aspirants: Study like how non-science students would study.

Now that I have made my point clear of why we should get a Biology textbook, let's proceed with what could be looked at from the heaps of books lying in the bookshop. Here, we are trying to help you choose the right needle from the haystack.

Biology

Biology by Campbell et al. is the book where you will get the basic knowledge. Try getting the latest edition of the book as science is always evolving. Now you know what Nobel Laureates are doing? Increasing the pages of the book of course!!

Other books that you can have a look at are Knox et al. Biology: An Australian Focus and Biological Science by Scott Freeman. The later though has too much information. If you know how to get info you need, from huge books, then pick it up, or else, let them stay at the shelf!

Till now, all we've talked about is general biology. The thrust topics in GAMSAT in this subject is in physiology and biochemistry. Here are some books that would help you with those specific topics.

First things first... don't be scared seeing "physiology" in the last paragraph. Surely you will be studying all about physiology in the 4 years you spend in the medical school. But before that you will need to know a little of this topic before the med-school can put in more into your frontal lobe.

To study that "little' of physiology, we will recommend you to get hold of the most basic and simple Schaum's Outlines Anatomy & Physiology. It will give you a concise information with better explanations than many other books. And in our opinion this will be all that you will need for Physiology in Biology for GAMSAT.

Coming to biochemistry... There are 2 books which you can take a look at. Before I tell you the names, a word... Library. Remember the following books when you visit that.

1. Lehninger's principles of biochemistry - BRILLIANT book (from personal experience). It's huge, but you will know more just browsing around the book.
2. Biochemistry by Garrett & Grisham - I've heard it's a fantastic book.

That's all for Biology from my desk here.

Gamsat Preparation Suggested Books - Biology
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With over 8 years of experience in teaching and training, I have done extensive work in designing assessment tests and creating test content for a great variety of competitive exams. I am helping GAMSAT aspirants to succeed in GAMSAT. Candidates who are willing to pursue a career in medicine in Australia, U.K. and Ireland have to clear GAMSAT in order to get into graduate entry level programmes. I have created my website prepgenie.com keeping in mind the specific needs of a GAMSAT aspirant and the original GAMSAT standard. In the website you will find sample test papers of all the topics that are covered in GAMSAT.

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Anatomy and Physiology Explained

Anatomy and physiology are interrelated. Anatomy describes the location and structure of a particular body part. Physiology describes how and what it does - it is the study of how the body functions.

Anatomy is the study of the structure of living organisms, comprising large scale anatomical structures (gross anatomy) and microscopic anatomical structures (microscopic anatomy). Anatomy is always linked to physiology, the study of how biological processes function in living organisms. In the medical sciences, it is not considered sufficient to simply identify a structure, its function must also be described and understood.

The study of human anatomy and physiology provides an understanding of the structures of the body and how they work. When taking a basic anatomy and physiology course, the goal should be to learn and understand the structures and functions of the major body systems, remembering that organ systems don't just exist as individual units. Each system depends on the others, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. It's also vital to identify the major cells, tissues, and organs being studied and to understand how they function.

Anatomy and Physiology Explained

Anatomy Study Tips

The human body contains 206 bones and over 600 muscles. Learning these structures requires time, effort, and good memorization skills. The following tips will help make this learning and memorizing easier:

know the language: it is most important to understand the terminology use anatomy study aids: these are almost essential when studying anatomy, e.g. flash cards constantly review what you have learned; use practice quizzes before taking a test or exam.

Physiology is the study of how the body functions. It is the study of the biochemical,
physical and mechanical functions of living organisms. A related discipline is
Biochemistry, the study of cellular interactions and metabolism. Human physiology dates
back to at least 420BC, during the time of Hippocrates.

The human body is made up of 11 body systems that function together:

the skin is the largest organ of the body, comprising the epidermis and the dermis the skeletal system provides a rigid, yet mobile, structure for the human body the muscular system, and the nerves that supply them, generate motion in arms and limbs the nervous system controls movement and function through nerve impulses the endocrine system is a series of organs or glands spread throughout the body the cardiovascular system moves oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of cells in the body the lymphatic system is a network that provides a filter system for the human body the respiratory system controls oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release in the lungs the digestive system is responsible for breaking down, digesting and absorbing food the urinary system filters the blood and removes waste from the bloodstream the reproductive system, in both males and females, is responsible for human reproduction.

Physiology Study Tips
memorize basic information as a foundation for later study, e.g. the eleven body systems, etc. learn the terminology; make cheat-sheets or flashcards if needed review your basic biology look for the commonalities between processes and functions set learning objectives.

For more information about the study of anatomy and physiology, I recommend the website: http://www.anatomy-and-physiology.org.

Anatomy and Physiology Explained
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Ross Mattingley is a freelance writer and webmaster who works with a variety of companies and organizations. He recommends checking out: http://www.anatomy-and-physiology.org

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Human Skeleton Anatomy - 10 Facts About the Human Skeleton!

The skeleton system is what holds everything together. In this article, I will share some fun trivia in relation to human skeleton anatomy and physiology.

Babies have around 350 individual bones, while a grown up adult has 206. The reason for this is because many bones fuse together as we grow older. Examples are the cranium and the pelvis. The spine is in a way the base of our skeleton and anchors all other bones. It is composed of 33 small bones called vertebrae. The largest part of our skeleton is the femur, which is the upper part of our thigh, while the smallest is the stapes bone. The human skeleton account for about 20 percent of an regular sized persons total body weight. The functions of the skeleton is not only to be a framework for the body, but it also produces red and white blood cells, stores minerals and protects vital organs. There are different type of bones; long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones. The bones come in 2 different categories, the compact bones(also known as dense bones), and trabecular bones(also called spongy bones). The compact type contributes to about 80 percent of total bone mass. Joints are where two or more bones connect. There are 2 different ways of categorizing joints, by the way they connect and by mobility. In structural classification, the types of joints are fibrous joints(joined with fibrous tissue), cartilaginous joints(joined by cartilage) and synovial joints(not directly joined). By mobility, the types are called synarthrosis(little or no mobility), amphiarthrosis(slight movement) and diarthrosis(freely movable).

Human Skeleton Anatomy - 10 Facts About the Human Skeleton!

Human Skeleton Anatomy - 10 Facts About the Human Skeleton!
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In this article I've talked about human skeleton anatomy. To learn all about human anatomy and physiology quickly and easily I recommend taking a look at this website: http://www.humananatomyedge.info/

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Biology Experiments for Teachers. Binocular Vision, Eye Dominance and Location of Stimuli

Binocular Vision: Experiment

(a) Keep both eyes open and hold a pen or pencil upright at arm's length.

(b) Quickly move the pencil to come exactly in line with a more distant vertical object, such as a window frame or lamp-post.

Biology Experiments for Teachers. Binocular Vision, Eye Dominance and Location of Stimuli

(c) Close and open the left eye.

(d) Close and open the right eye.

(e) Note any change in the apparent position of the pencil and whether it was the closure of the left or right eye which produced it.

(f) Which eye did you use in lining up the two objects?

Discussion

Although both eyes are kept open to line up the pencil and the distant object, only one eye, the dominant eye, is used to determine the alignment. When this eye is closed, the pencil will appear to 'jump' sideways. It is closure of the dominant eye which produces the jump because, according to the eye now remaining open, the pencil and distant object are not in line. If the student is slow to line up the two objects he or she may be aware of a double image of the near object. Nevertheless, the student is still likely to select the image from the dominant eye.

Awarness of Location of Stimuli. Experiment

(a) Place a glass marble on a non-slippery surface, e.g. on the page of an open notebook.

(b) Cross the first and second fingers of one hand and press on the marble with the tips of these fingers.

(c) Close your eyes and roll the marble firmly, forwards and backwards, side to side and then with a circular motion for about 30 seconds.

(d) Notice any unusual impressions you receive from the fingers.

Discussion

1 The subjective impression should be as if there were two marbles with the fingers pressing
between the two.

2 The areas of the finger-tips employed, with the fingers not crossed, would normally be stimulated only by two surfaces separated in space.. The connections that exist between the receptors and the brain are, presumably, the foundation for this interpretation. When the two areas are stimulated simultaneously by the same object in the absence of visual evidence, the brain makes its usual interpretation, giving the sensation of two objects.

The results also show that we normally rely on information from several sources for our
interpretations. If the subject watches the fingers and marble, it is far more difficult to elicit the impression of two objects.

Biology Experiments for Teachers. Binocular Vision, Eye Dominance and Location of Stimuli
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D G Mackean is the author of GCSE Biology, IGCSE Biology, and many other Biology text books. He has a site of Biology Teaching Resources at http://www.biology-resources.com which includes a bank of experiments for teachers, sample PowerPoint presentations, and many biological drawings

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113 Facts About Animal Cruelty

Animals caught in traps can suffer for days before succumbing to exposure, shock, or attacks by predators. Traps often kill "non-target" animals, including dogs and endangered species. To cut costs, fur farmers pack animals into small cages, preventing them from taking more than a few steps back and forth. Crowding and confinement is especially distressing to minks- solitary animals who occupy up to 2,500 acres of wetland in the wild. The frustration of life in a cage leads minks to self-mutilate- biting their skin, tails, feet- or frantically pace and circle endlessly. "PETA investigators witnessed rampant cruelty to animals. Workers beat pigs with metal rods and jabbed pins into pigs' eyes and faces." Snakes and lizards are skinned alive because of the belief that live flaying makes leather more supple. Piglets are separated from their mothers when they are as young as 10 days old. Once her piglets are gone, the sow is impregnated again, and the cycle continues for three or four years before she is slaughtered. Approximately 3 to 4 million cats and dogs- many of them healthy, young, and adoptable- must be euthanized in animal shelters every year. Cows produce milk for the same reason that humans do- to nourish their young - but on dairy farms calves are taken away at 1 day old. 1 day old calves are fed milk replacements (including cattle blood) so that their mothers' milk can be sold to humans. Animals can suffer brain damage or death from heatstroke in just 15 minutes. Beating the heat is extra tough for dogs. Each year, approximately 10,000 bulls die in bullfights. Most cows are intensively confined, unable to fulfill their most basic desires, such as nursing their calves, even for a single day. Cows are fed unnatural, high-protein diets-which include dead chickens, pigs, and other animals. Overall, factory-farmed animals, including those on dairy farms, produce 1.65 billion tons of manure each year. Kid goats are boiled alive to make gloves. The skins of unborn calves and lambs - some aborted, others from slaughtered pregnant cows - are considered "luxurious." About 285 million hens are raised for eggs in the US. In tiny spaces so small they cannot move a wing. The wire mesh of the cages rubs off hens feathers, chafes their skin, and causes their feet to become crippled. Before 1986, only four states had felony animal cruelty laws. Glue traps cause terror and agony to any animals who touch them, leaving them to suffer for days. In one study, 70% of animal abusers also had records for other crimes. Sealers often hook baby seals in the eye, cheek, or mouth to avoid damaging their fur, then drag them across the ice to skin them. Arsenic-laced additives are mixed into the feed of about 70 percent of the chickens raised for food. Every year, nearly a million seals worldwide are subjected to painful and often lingering deaths, largely for the sake of fashion. Scientists estimate that 100 species go extinct every day! That's about one species every 15 minutes. Every year in the US, 50 million male piglets are castrated (usually without being given any painkillers). More than 15 million warm-blooded animals are used in research every year. The methods used in fur factory farms are designed to maximize profits, almost always at the expense of the animals. To test cosmetics, cleaners, and other products, hundreds of thousands of animals are poisoned, blinded, and killed every year. In extremely crowded conditions, piglets are prone to stress-related behavior such as cannibalism and tail-biting. Farmers often chop off piglets' tails and use pliers to break off the ends of their teeth- without giving them any painkillers. For identification purposes, farmers cut out chunks of young pigs ears. Animals on fur farms spend their entire lives confined to cramped, filthy wire cages. For fur, small animals may be crammed into boxes and poisoned with hot, unfiltered engine exhaust from a truck. Engine exhaust is not always lethal, and some animals wake up while they are being skinned. Larger animals have clamps attached to or rods forced into their mouth or anus so they can be painfully electrocuted. Bird poisons attack birds' nervous systems, causing them to suffer seizures, erratic flight, and tremors for hours before dying. If you drink milk, you're subsidizing the veal industry. Male calves are often taken away from their mothers at 1 day old, chained in tiny stalls for 3-18 weeks, and raised for veal. After they are taken from their mothers, piglets are confined to pens until they are separated to be raised for breeding or meat. Although chickens can live for more than a decade, hens raised for their eggs are exhausted and killed by age 2. More than 100 million "spent" hens are killed in slaughterhouses every year. Forty-five states currently have felony provisions for animal cruelty. (Those without are AK, ID, MS, ND and SD.) Dogs used for fighting are chained, taunted, and starved to trigger extreme survival instincts and encourage aggressiveness. Dogs that lose fights (or refuse) are often abandoned, tortured, set on fire, electrocuted, shot, drowned, or beaten to death. Cows on average product 16 lbs of milk per day. With hormones, antibiotics, and genetic manipulation? 54 lbs a day. Humane treatment is not a priority for those who poach and hunt animals to obtain their skin. Alligators on farms may be beaten with hammers and axes, sometimes remaining conscious and in pain for 2 hours after skinning. Investigation of animal abuse is often the first point of social services intervention for a family in trouble. A Canadian Police study found that 70 percent of people arrested for animal cruelty had past records of other violent crimes. Dog fighting and cock-fighting are illegal in all 50 states. Hoarding of animals exists in virtually every community. Well-intentioned people overwhelmed by animal overpopulation crisis. The consequences for hoarders, their human dependents, animals, and the community are extremely serious- and often fatal for animals. Declawing is a painful mutilation that involves 10 amputations - not just the nails - but the ends of toes (bone and all). The long-term effects of declawing include skin and bladder problems and the gradual weakening of cats' legs, shoulders, and back. Declawing is both painful and traumatic, and it has been outlawed in Germany and other parts of Europe as a form of cruelty. Kangaroos are slaughtered by the millions every year; their skins are considered prime material for soccer shoes. Across the US, 6 to 8 million stray and abandoned animals enter animal shelters every year, and about half must be euthanized. In California, America's top milk-producing state, manure from dairy farms has poisoned hundreds of square miles of groundwater. Each of the more than 1 million cows on the state's dairy farms excrete 18 gallons of manure daily. Every year, the global leather industry slaughters more than a billion animals and tans their skins and hides. Elephants who perform in circuses are often kept in chains for as long as 23 hours a day from the time they are babies. Every year, millions of animals are killed for the clothing industry. An immeasurable amount of suffering goes into every fur-trimmed jacket, leather belt, and wool sweater. Neglect and abandonment are the most common forms of companion animal abuse in the United States. On any given day in the U.S., there are more than 65 million pigs on factory farms, and 112 million are killed for food each year. Every year, dogs suffer and die when left in a parked car- even for "just a minute" - parked cars are deathtraps for dogs. Dog owners: On a 78 degree F day, the temperature in a shaded car is 90°F, in the sun it can climb to 160°F in minutes. 98% of Americans consider pets to be companions or members of the family. For medical experimentation animals can be burned, shocked, poisoned, isolated, starved, addicted to drugs, and brain-damaged. Regardless of how trivial or painful animal experiments may be, none are prohibited by law. When valid non-animal research methods are available, no law requires experimenters to use such methods instead of animals. On average it takes 1,000 dogs to maintain a mid-sized racetrack operation. There are over 30 tracks in the United States. Female cows are artificially inseminated shortly after their first birthdays. Happy birthday! Birds don't belong in cages. Bored, lonely, denied the opportunity to fly, deprived of companionship... Many birds become neurotic in cages - pulling out feathers, bobbing their heads incessantly, and repeatedly pecking. According to industry reports, more than 1 million pigs die en route to slaughter each year. More than 100 million animals every year suffer and die in cruel chemical, drug, food and cosmetic tests, biology lessons, etc. Approximately 9 billion chickens are raised and killed for meat each year in the U.S. The industry refers to chickens as "broilers" and raises them in huge, ammonia-filled, windowless sheds with artificial lighting. Some chickens spend their entire lives standing on concrete floors. Some chickens are confined to massive, crowded lots, where they are forced to live amid their own waste. Neglect/Abandonment is the most prevalent form of animal abuse (approximately 36% of all animal abuse cases.) Cows are treated like milk-producing machines and are genetically manipulated and pumped full of antibiotics and hormones. Foie gras is made from the grotesquely enlarged livers of ducks and geese who have been cruelly force-fed. The best way to save cows from the misery of factory farms is to stop buying milk and other dairy products. Discover soy! A typical slaughterhouse kills about 1,000 hogs per hour. The sheer number of animals killed makes it impossible for pigs' deaths to be humane and painless. Because of improper stunning, many hogs are alive when they reach the scalding hot water baths. 13% of intentional animal abuse cases involve domestic violence. Animal cruelty problems are people problems. When animals are abused, people are at risk. Instead of improving conditions for animals, the dairy industry is exploring the use of genetically manipulated cattle. More than half the fur in the US comes from China, where millions of dogs and cats are bludgeoned, hanged, and bled to death. Millions of pounds of antibiotics are fed to chickens, who metabolize only about 20 percent of the drugs fed to them. The 3 trillion pounds of waste produced by factory-farmed animals every year is usually used to fertilize crops. Chaining dogs, while unfortunately legal in most areas, is one of the cruelest punishments imaginable for social animals. Tens of thousands of horses from the United States are slaughtered every year to be used for horsemeat in Europe and Asia. Since the last horse slaughter plants in the US were closed in 2007, thousands of horses have been shipped to Canada/Mexico. Abusers kill, harm, or threaten children's pets to coerce them into sexual abuse or to force them to remain silent about abuse. There are no federal laws to regulate the voltage or use of electric prods on pigs. Forty-one of the 45 state felony animal cruelty laws were enacted in the last two decades. In the United States, 1.13 million animals were used in experiments in 2009, plus an estimated 100 million mice and rats. As a result of disease, pesticides, and climate changes, the honeybee population has been nearly decimated. Many studies have found a link between cruelty to animals and other forms of interpersonal violence. Cows have a natural lifespan of about 20 years and can produce milk for eight or nine years. A fur coat is pretty cool- for an animal to wear. Eighteen red foxes are killed to make one fox-fur coat, 55 minks to make a mink coat. Fur farmers use the cheapest and cruelest killing methods available: suffocation, electrocution, gassing, and poisoning. In addition to diarrhea, pneumonia, and lameness, calves raised for veal are terrified and desperate for their mothers. During Canada's annual commercial seal slaughter, as many as 300,000 seals are shot or bludgeoned.

113 Facts About Animal Cruelty

113 Facts About Animal Cruelty
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Thank you for equipping yourself with knowledge. Help spread the word by sharing these animal cruelty facts!

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The Biology of Muscle Growth

The sheer number of articles, opinions, magazines and experts on fitness and muscle growth makes the field of weight lifting appear more like the practice of medicine in the 16th century than a concrete science. Every day new theories, approaches and miracle workouts appear, contradicting each other and proclaiming that they have the truth, and that by following their advice you will achieve the body of your dreams. Clearly, some of them are on the right track and some are not, but how to tell the difference between them all? The answer lies in understanding the basics of the biological process of muscle growth. Once you know some key principles, you will be better equipped to evaluate whether a new exercise routine is based on sound physical principles-or completely bogus.

The most basic principle to understand is that your muscles adapt to whatever stress they are subjected to. If you spend all day on the couch, then you will be in possession of a fine set of muscles equipped for couch sitting. If you jog forty minutes each day, than your body will adapt to that. If you always follow the same number of reps and sets and routine when weight lifting, then your body will adapt to that too. And once you've adapted, your system will stop growing, and simply rest at this new plateau, having achieved the bare minimum required to function at that level. Therefore the basic idea is that if you want growth, you need to continuously overload your system.

The result of progressively overloading your muscles is called muscular hypertrophy, and that is the increase in muscle mass and cross-sectional area. Note that the number of muscle cells does not increase ( a phenomenon called muscular hyperplasia), but rather the size increases. As you work out, your muscles are subjected to microtrauma, where small tears appear in the muscle tissue. These tears signal what are called the 'satellite cells' on the surface of your muscle to activate and multiply and go to the damaged sites where they fuse with the existing muscle fiber, helping them regenerate.

The Biology of Muscle Growth

While the satellite cells are multiplying and fusing with the damaged areas, your immune system kicks in with a complex series of reactions that ultimately lead to inflammation meant to contain and repair the damage as well as clean up the area of waste products. This process if key not only to the health of the muscle, but its growth, as numerous hormones and cytokines are released which stimulate muscle hypertrophy. Among these are hormones like insulin-like growth factor (IGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Growth hormone (GH) is also released, and is key to promoting satellite cell division and the release of IGF.

What is important to understand is that this entire process (microtrauma resulting in the complex interaction of satellite cells, the immune system, growth factors and hormones) is dependent not only on exercise, but also receiving the appropriate amount of rest and nutrition to optimize the healing process. Muscular hypertrophy occurs when the muscle heals itself, not when you are working out. Furthermore, your muscles will only adapt as much as they need to, resulting in a 'plateau' effect if you don't change things up and challenge them in new ways. This is why it is a good idea to switch up your exercise routines like they do in P90X, and always keep your body guessing as to what comes next.

The Biology of Muscle Growth
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Philip Tucker is a Fitness Product Review specialist for Miami based Extreme Fitness Results LLC. He enjoys keeping his body guessing with P90X's muscle confusion, a key principle of any P90X workout schedule.

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Why Do I Fart So Much? Find Out the #1 Cause of Excessive Gas & Farting!

There's a very common cause for people who have excessive gas & farting which most people are unaware of because most doctors are uneducated regarding it. If you frequently ask "why do I fart so much?" Then I have quite the surprising find for you as I'll explain the #1 cause of gas that you're completely unaware of. Best of all by eliminating this you'll also eliminate over 95% of all your other health complaints!

Why do I Fart So Much?

This epidemic is known as candida and it's a yeast that exists in essentially everyone. In some people it's a larger problem than in others, however the bottom line is always the same in that the same approach must be taken to be sure it is fully eliminated. This involves the use of natural anti-fungals, a strict anti-candida diet while also using nutritional therapy to boost the health of the body. This is enough to help eliminate the current overgrowth although without going after what created it in the first place you can never fully be free from it.

Why Do I Fart So Much? Find Out the #1 Cause of Excessive Gas & Farting!

Fortunately there are natural therapies not normally associated with candida which can allow your body to control it entirely on its own. 

How Candida Creates Gas!

Candida overgrows in the bowels by a process known as fermentation, now if you remember anything from biology back in school this process creates a lot of gas as a result. This gas needs to find a way out and quite often it's either through belching or farting, the latter being much more common. Quite often as well those who suffer from candida have issues with bowel obstruction as they don't always experience 3 bowel movements per day which will lead to a build up of waste in the colon, only making matters worse.

So what's the solution? Clear your bowel, clean out candida from the body while also doing natural therapies which will prevent it from ever causing problems again! 

Why Do I Fart So Much? Find Out the #1 Cause of Excessive Gas & Farting!
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Candida Making you Sick? Take our FREE Candida Test, Eliminate Gas for Good! by clicking http://www.howtocurecandida.com

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What Are the Best Male Enhancement Herbs?

A lot of people don't believe that natural herbs can enhance a man's sexual experience. But plants and herbs are responsible for hundreds of FDA-approved drugs and medicines. In fact, a recent study reported that over 60% of all cancer drugs come from plants. In addition, many herbs, including male enhancement herbs, have plenty of scientific support behind them.

So what are the best male enhancement herbs? It depends on whether you're looking for herbs that naturally produce testosterone, herbs that help sexual stamina, or herbs that increase blood flow throughout the body (including to the penis). Here are some examples:

Tribulus Terrestris--This ancient herb became popular after Eastern European Olympic athletes used it to enhance their athletic performances in the early 1990's. Tribulus accomplished this by naturally increasing the body's production of testosterone, a hormone that also directly affects sex drive and performance. Tribulus has also been shown to prevent premature ejaculation.

What Are the Best Male Enhancement Herbs?

Catuaba Bark--This herb comes from the Brazilian rain forest and enhances blood flow throughout the body. According to Michael van Straten, noted British author and researcher of medicinal plants, Catuaba is beneficial to men and women as an aphrodisiac, but "it is in the area of male impotence that the most striking results have been reported" and "there is no evidence of side effects, even after long-term use."

Maca Root--This Peruvian herb is known for increasing sexual stamina. The New York Times recently reported on a study that concluded that Maca is excellent for improving sexual staying power, reducing the possibility of prostate cancer, and improving male fertility. According to the Times, "peer reviewed studies published in the journal Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology backed up those findings."

There are many supplements that contain these male enhancement herbs, but quality is always an issue since the herbal medicine field is mostly unregulated. It's very important to find a reputable product that uses pure herbal ingredients. Of equal importance is the dosage, or amount of herbs used. But if you can get a hold of a supplement that uses high quality herbal ingredients in big enough doses, you'll most certainly see an increase in erection size, strength, and staying power.

What Are the Best Male Enhancement Herbs?
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Find out which male enhancement supplements use the highest quality herbal ingredients at Zenerx (or Zenerex [http://www.zenerexreview.com]).

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Biology - Characteristics of Fish - An Introduction

Fish are vertebrate animals, that is, they all have a vertebral column or 'spine'. There are two main groups of fish, bony fish (Teleosts) and cartilaginous fish (Elasmobranchs). As the common names imply, the skeletons of teleosts are made of bone while the elasmobranchs have cartilaginous skeletons. The elasmobranchs comprise sharks, rays and dogfish which differ from teleosts in many respects. The teleosts are far more numerous, with a greater diversity of species than the elasmobranchs.

All fish are aquatic and breath by absorbing dissolved oxygen in the water using their gills. The bodies of both teleosts and elasmobranchs are covered with scales but those of elasmobranchs are spiky and project through the skin. This makes the skin feel very rough, like coarse sandpaper. The scales of the teleosts have a flattened, discoid shape and are covered by a thin layer of skin and mucus which probably reduces friction between the body and the surrounding water and makes them very slippery.

The swimming mechanism in both groups is very similar. A series of muscular contractions pass down each side of the fish alternately bending it from side to side and pushing backwards and sideways against the water. The water resistance exerts an opposite sideways and forward force on the fish. The sideways forces cancel each other but the forward force propels the fish forward. In both groups there are variations in this method of propulsion. Skates and rays make undulatory movements in the vertical plane as do flatfish like plaice. Some teleosts, such as the sea horse, propel themselves by undulatory movements of their dorsal fin.

Biology - Characteristics of Fish - An Introduction

In general, the fins contribute to stability and steering rather than propulsion. The median fins, dorsal and ventral, reduce the sideways thrust of the swimming movements and also reduce the tendency to roll from side to side. The paired fins help to steer the fish upwards or downwards through the water and contribute to turning and braking. The paired fins of elasmobranches are held in rather rigid positions while those of teleosts, with their flexible jointing to the body, are more versatile in their movements and can often be seen moving gently to keep the fish in a steady position.

In the teleosts, there is a swim bladder. An elongated, air-filled sac just below the vertebral column. This air bladder keeps the fish buoyant and prevents it from sinking when it stops swimming. The volume of the air bladder can be adjusted to compensate for changes in pressure at different depths. The elasmobranchs do not have swim bladders and so they start to sink if they stop swimming.

Although water is H2O, aquatic creatures cannot use the oxygen from this. The oxygen they breathe comes from the air which has dissolved in the water. There are four or five pairs of gills situated inside the mouth cavity. In teleosts, they are covered on the outside by a bony plate called the operculum. By movements of the floor of the mouth and operculum, the fish creates, a current of water which passes over its gills. Water is taken in through the mouth and expelled through the operculum in the case of teleosts, and out through separate gill slits in elasmobranchs. The gills are, in effect, finely branched, thin-walled blood vessels which, because of their multiple branches, expose an enormous surface to the water and so facilitate absorption of oxygen and loss of carbon dioxide.

Biology - Characteristics of Fish - An Introduction
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D G Mackean is the author of GCSE Biology, IGCSE Biology, and many other Biology text books. He has a site of Biology Teaching Resources at http://www.biology-resources.com which includes a bank of Biology Experiments for teachers, sample PowerPoint presentations, and many biological drawings

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